1. Kodi ma flocculant, ma coagulant ndi ma conditioner ndi chiyani?
Mankhwalawa akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa malinga ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito pochiza kusefa kwa sludge press:
Flocculant: nthawi zina imatchedwa coagulant, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yolimbikitsira kulekanitsa kwa solid-liquid, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu thanki yoyamba ya sedimentation, thanki yachiwiri ya sedimentation, thanki yoyandama ndi chithandizo chachitatu kapena njira yochizira yapamwamba.
Chithandizo cha magazi oundana: Mankhwala othandizira oundana amathandiza kwambiri kuti magazi oundana azitha kuuma.
Chokometsera: Chodziwikanso kuti chochotsera madzi, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza matope otsala musanachotse madzi, ndipo mitundu yake imaphatikizapo zina mwa zinthu zomangira ndi zomangira zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa.
2. Flocculant
Ma Flocculant ndi gulu la zinthu zomwe zimatha kuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa kukhazikika kwa mvula ndi kukhazikika kwa polymerization ya tinthu tomwe tabalalika m'madzi, ndikupangitsa tinthu tobalalika kusonkhana ndi kuyandama kukhala tinthu tomwe timachotsedwa.
Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala, ma flocculant amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: ma flocculant osapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ndi ma flocculant osapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe.
Zosakaniza zopanda chilengedwe
Ma flocculant achikhalidwe omwe sali achilengedwe ndi mchere wa aluminiyamu wotsika komanso mchere wachitsulo. Mchere wa aluminiyamu makamaka umaphatikizapo aluminium sulfate (AL2(SO4)3∙18H2O), alum (AL2(SO4)3∙K2SO4∙24H2O), sodium aluminate (NaALO3), mchere wachitsulo makamaka umaphatikizapo ferric chloride (FeCL3∙6H20), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4∙6H20) ndi ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3∙2H20).
Kawirikawiri, zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zimakhala zosavuta kupeza zinthu zopangira, kukonzekera kosavuta, mtengo wotsika, komanso kuyeretsa pang'ono, motero zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyeretsa madzi.
Chopopera cha polima chosapangidwa mwachilengedwe
Ma polima okhala ndi hydroxyl ndi okosijeni a Al(III) ndi Fe(III) adzaphatikizidwanso kukhala ma aggregates, omwe adzasungidwa mu yankho lamadzi pansi pa mikhalidwe ina, ndipo kukula kwa tinthu tawo kudzakhala mu nanometer range. Zotsatira zake ndi kuchuluka kwa mlingo.
Poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa momwe amachitira zinthu ndi momwe amapangira zinthu, momwe amagwirira ntchito polima ya aluminiyamu ndi yofatsa ndipo mawonekedwe ake ndi okhazikika, pomwe polima ya chitsulo yomwe imathiridwa ndi hydrolyzed imataya kukhazikika kwake mwachangu komanso mosavuta.
Ubwino wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi polymer flocculants zomwe sizili zachilengedwe umawonekera chifukwa chakuti zimagwira ntchito bwino kuposa zinthu zopangidwa ndi polymer monga aluminiyamu sulfate ndi ferric chloride, ndipo ndi zotsika mtengo kuposa zinthu zopangidwa ndi polymer flocculants. Tsopano Polyaluminum chloride yagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m'njira zosiyanasiyana zochizira madzi, madzi otayira m'mafakitale ndi zimbudzi za m'mizinda, kuphatikizapo kukonza zisanayambike, kukonza kwapakati komanso kukonza kwapamwamba, ndipo pang'onopang'ono yakhala chinthu chodziwika bwino chopangidwa ndi polymer flocculant. Komabe, pankhani ya mawonekedwe, kuchuluka kwa polymerization ndi zotsatira zofanana za coagulation-flocculation, zinthu zopangidwa ndi polymer flocculants zomwe sizili zachilengedwe zikadali pamalo pakati pa zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo zam'madzi ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi polymer flocculants.
Polyaluminum chloride, pac,msds policloruro de aluminio,cas no 1327 41 9,policloruro de aluminio,pac chemical for water treatment,poly aluminium chloride, yotchedwa PAC, ili ndi chemical formula ALn(OH)mCL3n-m. PAC ndi multivalent electrolyte yomwe imatha kuchepetsa kwambiri colloidal charge ya dongo (multiple negative charges) m'madzi. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mamolekyulu ndi mphamvu yamphamvu yotsamira, ma floc opangidwa ndi akuluakulu, ndipo flocculation ndi sedimentation performance ndi zabwino kuposa ma flocculants ena.
Poly aluminium chloride ili ndi polymerization yayikulu, ndipo kusakaniza mwachangu pambuyo powonjezera kumatha kufupikitsa nthawi yopanga floc. Poly aluminium chloride PAC sikhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa madzi, ndipo imagwira ntchito bwino kutentha kwa madzi kukakhala kochepa. Imachepetsa pH ya madzi pang'ono, ndipo pH yoyenerera ndi yayikulu (ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa pH = 5 ~ 9), kotero sikofunikira kuwonjezera alkaline agent. Mlingo wa PAC ndi wochepa, kuchuluka kwa matope omwe amapangidwa nawonso ndi kochepa, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito, kuyang'anira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndikosavuta, komanso sikuwononga kwambiri zida ndi mapaipi. Chifukwa chake, PAC ili ndi chizolowezi chosintha pang'onopang'ono aluminiyamu sulfate m'munda wa kuyeretsa madzi, ndipo vuto lake ndilakuti mtengo wake ndi wokwera kuposa wa flocculants yachikhalidwe.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuchokera pamalingaliro a chemistry yothetsera mavuto,PAC poli aluminiyamu chloridendi chinthu chapakati cha kinetic cha njira ya hydrolysis-polymerization-precipitation reaction ya mchere wa aluminiyamu, womwe ndi wosakhazikika pa thermodynamically. Kawirikawiri, zinthu zamadzimadzi za PAC ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakapita nthawi yochepa (zinthu zolimba zimakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito okhazikika). , zitha kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali). Kuwonjezera mchere wina wosapangidwa (monga CaCl2, MnCl2, ndi zina zotero) kapena macromolecules (monga polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, ndi zina zotero) kungathandize kukhazikika kwa PAC, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yogwirizana.
Ponena za njira yopangira, anion imodzi kapena zingapo zosiyana (monga SO42-, PO43-, ndi zina zotero) zimayambitsidwa mu njira yopangira PAC, ndipo kapangidwe ka polima ndi kugawa kwa morphological kumatha kusinthidwa mpaka pamlingo winawake mwa polymerization, motero kukonza kukhazikika ndi kugwira ntchito kwa PAC; ngati zigawo zina za cationic, monga Fe3+, zimayambitsidwa mu njira yopangira PAC kuti Al3+ ndi Fe3+ staggered hydrolytically polymerized, composite flocculant polyaluminum iron ingapezeke.
Chopopera cha polima chachilengedwe
Ma flocculant a polymer opangidwa ndi organic makamaka ndi polypropylene ndi polyethylene, monga polyacrylamide ndi polyethyleneimine. Ma flocculant awa ndi ma macromolecules osungunuka m'madzi, macromolecule iliyonse imakhala ndi mayunitsi ambiri obwerezabwereza okhala ndi magulu opatsidwa mphamvu, kotero amatchedwanso ma polyelectrolytes. Omwe ali ndi magulu opatsidwa mphamvu ndi ma polyelectrolytes a cationic, ndipo omwe ali ndi magulu opatsidwa mphamvu ndi ma polyelectrolytes a anionic, omwe alibe magulu opatsidwa mphamvu kapena opatsidwa mphamvu, ndipo amatchedwa nonionic polyelectrolytes.
Pakadali pano, ma polymer flocculants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi anionic, ndipo amatha kungothandiza kutseka kwa zinthu zonyansa za colloidal zomwe zili m'madzi. Nthawi zambiri sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito zokha, koma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mchere wa aluminiyamu ndi mchere wachitsulo. Ma cationic flocculants amatha kugwira ntchito yotseka ndi kutseka nthawi imodzi ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito okha, kotero akukula mofulumira.
Pakadali pano, ma polima osakhala a ionic a polyacrylamide amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza m'dziko langa, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mchere wachitsulo ndi aluminiyamu. Mphamvu yamagetsi yoletsa kufalikira kwa mchere wachitsulo ndi aluminiyamu pa tinthu ta colloidal komanso ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya ma flocculant a polymer imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino zochizira. Polyacrylamide ili ndi mawonekedwe a mlingo wochepa, liwiro lolimba, komanso ma floc akuluakulu komanso olimba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. 80% ya ma flocculant a polymer opangidwa m'dziko langa omwe akupangidwa pano ndi awa.
Polyacrylamide PAM, polyelectrolyte imagwiritsa ntchito, polyelectrolyte cationic powder, cationic polyelectrolyte, cationic polymer, cationic polyacrylamide ndiye polyelectrolyte, ndipo nthawi zina imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati coagulant. Zinthu zopangira polyacrylamide ndi polyacrylonitrile CH2=CHCN. Pazifukwa zina, acrylonitrile imapangidwa ndi hydrolyzed kuti ipange acrylamide, ndipo acrylamide imayikidwa mu suspension polymerization kuti ipeze polyacrylamide. Polyacrylamide ndi utomoni wosungunuka m'madzi, ndipo zinthuzo ndi granular solid and viscous aqueous solution yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwina.
Mtundu weniweni wa polyacrylamide m'madzi ndi random coil. Chifukwa random coil ili ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi magulu ena a amide pamwamba pake, imatha kugwira ntchito yofanana ndi mphamvu yolumikizira ndi kulowetsa madzi, ndiko kuti, ili ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi mphamvu yolumikizira madzi.
Komabe, chifukwa unyolo wautali wa polyacrylamide umapindika kukhala coil, malire ake amakhala ochepa. Magulu awiri a amide atalumikizidwa, amafanana ndi kuletsa kulumikizana ndi kutayika kwa malo awiri olowetsa madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, magulu ena a amide amakulungidwa mu kapangidwe ka coil. Mkati mwake simungakhudze ndi kunyamula tinthu tating'onoting'ono tosayera m'madzi, kotero mphamvu yake yolowetsa madzi siingathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira.
Pofuna kulekanitsanso magulu a amide olumikizidwa ndikuwonetsa magulu a amide obisika kunja, anthu amayesa kukulitsa coil yosankhidwa moyenerera, komanso amayesa kuwonjezera magulu ena okhala ndi ma cations kapena ma anions ku unyolo wautali wa mamolekyulu, pomwe akukweza mphamvu ya kulowetsedwa ndi kulumikiza komanso zotsatira za kuletsa magetsi ndi kukanikiza kwa zigawo ziwiri zamagetsi. Mwanjira imeneyi, mndandanda wa ma polyacrylamide flocculants kapena ma coagulants okhala ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana amachokera ku PAM.
Pochiza madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana, nthawi zina flocculant imodzi singathe kulimbitsa bwino, ndipo nthawi zambiri pamafunika kuwonjezera zinthu zina zothandizira kuti madziwo ayambe kugwirana. Chithandizo chothandizira ichi chimatchedwa thandizo la magazi. Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi monga chlorine, laimu, activated silicic acid, fupa la glue ndi sodium alginate, activated carbon ndi dongo zosiyanasiyana.
Ma coagulant ena okha sachita nawo gawo pa kutsekeka kwa magazi, koma mwa kusintha ndikuwongolera momwe ma coagulant amakhalira, amachita gawo lothandiza ma flocculant kupanga zotsatira za kutsekeka kwa magazi. Ma coagulant ena amagwira ntchito popanga ma floc, kukonza kapangidwe ka ma floc, ndipo amatha kupanga ma floc abwino ndi omasuka opangidwa ndi ma inorganic floc kukhala ma floc olimba komanso olimba.
4. Chokometsera
Zokometsera, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti zochotsera madzi m'thupi, zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: zokometsera zopanda chilengedwe ndi zokometsera zachilengedwe. Zokometsera zopanda chilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyenera kusefera vacuum ndi kusefera matope a mbale ndi chimango, pomwe zokometsera zachilengedwe ndizoyenera kuchotsera madzi a centrifugal ndi kuchotsera madzi a lamba pa matope.
5. ubale pakati pamankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ma coagulants, ndi ma conditioner
Chotsukira madzi ndi chinthu chomwe chimawonjezeredwa matope asanaume, kutanthauza kuti, chotsukira madzi cha matope, kotero tanthauzo la chotsukira madzi ndi chotsukira ndi lomwelo. Mlingo wa chotsukira madzi kapena chotsukira madzi nthawi zambiri umawerengedwa ngati peresenti ya kulemera kwa zinthu zouma za matope.
Ma flocculant amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa zinthu zolimba zomwe zapachikidwa m'madzi a m'chimbudzi ndipo ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito yoyeretsa madzi. Mlingo wa flocculant nthawi zambiri umawonetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe awonjezeredwa mu voliyumu ya madzi omwe akutsukidwa.
Mlingo wa mankhwala ochotsera madzi m'thupi (chothandizira kukonza madzi m'thupi), chothandizira kutsekeka kwa madzi, ndi chothandizira kutsekeka kwa madzi m'thupi (coagulation assist) ukhoza kutchedwa mlingo. Mankhwala omwewo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chothandizira kutsekeka kwa madzi m'thupi pochiza zimbudzi, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chothandizira kuyeretsa madzi m'thupi kapena chothandizira kuchiza matope ochulukirapo.
Ma coagulant amatchedwa ma coagulant akagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma flocculant pochiza madzi. Ma coagulant omwewo nthawi zambiri satchedwa ma coagulant pochiza matope ochulukirapo, koma onse pamodzi amatchedwa ma conditioner kapena ma dehydrating agents.
Mukagwiritsa ntchitoflocculant, popeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba zomwe zimapachikidwa m'madzi ndi kochepa, kuti pakhale kulumikizana kwathunthu pakati pa flocculant ndi tinthu tomwe timapachikidwa, malo osakaniza ndi ochitira zinthu ayenera kukhala ndi nthawi yokwanira. Mwachitsanzo, kusakaniza kumatenga masekondi makumi angapo mpaka mphindi zingapo. Kuchitapo kanthu kumafuna mphindi 15 mpaka 30. Pamene matope achotsedwa madzi, nthawi zambiri zimatenga masekondi ochepa okha kuchokera pamene conditioner yawonjezedwa ku matope kulowa mu makina ochotsera madzi, ndiko kuti, njira yokhayo yosakanizira yofanana ndi flocculant, ndipo palibe nthawi yochitira, ndipo zomwe zachitika zawonetsanso kuti mphamvu yokonza zinthu idzawonjezeka ndi kukhalapo. kuchepa pakapita nthawi.
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Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-09-2022