Anthu ambiri m'dziko langa amakhala m'matauni ang'onoang'ono ndi m'madera akumidzi, ndipo kuipitsa kwa zimbudzi zakumidzi kumadera amadzi kwakopa chidwi chachikulu. Kupatula kuchuluka kochepa kwa zimbudzi kumadera akumadzulo, kuchuluka kwa zimbudzi kumadera akumidzi m'dziko langa kwawonjezeka. Komabe, dziko langa lili ndi gawo lalikulu, ndipo mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, makhalidwe okhala ndi zachuma m'matauni ndi m'midzi m'madera osiyanasiyana zimasiyana kwambiri. Momwe mungachitire bwino ntchito yosamalira zimbudzi m'madera osiyanasiyana malinga ndi mikhalidwe yakomweko, zomwe mayiko otukuka akumana nazo ndizofunikira kuphunzira.
Ukadaulo waukulu wosamalira zinyalala m'dziko langa
Pali mitundu iyi ya ukadaulo wochizira zinyalala zakumidzi mdziko langa (onani Chithunzi 1): ukadaulo wa biofilm, ukadaulo wochizira zinyalala wogwiritsidwa ntchito, ukadaulo wochizira zachilengedwe, ukadaulo wochizira nthaka, ndi ukadaulo wophatikizana wa zamoyo ndi zachilengedwe. Digiri yogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo ali ndi milandu yogwira ntchito bwino. Poganizira kukula kwa chimbudzi, mphamvu yochizira madzi nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepera matani 500.
1. Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa ukadaulo woyeretsa zinyalala zakumidzi
Mu njira yoyeretsera zinyalala zakumidzi, ukadaulo uliwonse wa njira umasonyeza ubwino ndi kuipa kwake:
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito matope: njira yowongolera yosinthasintha komanso yowongolera yokha, koma mtengo wapakati pa banja lililonse ndi wokwera, ndipo antchito apadera amafunika kuti agwire ntchito ndi kukonza.
Ukadaulo wa malo ouma omangidwa: mtengo wotsika womanga, koma kuchotsedwa kochepa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuyang'anira kosasangalatsa.
Kusamalira nthaka: kumanga, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukonza n'kosavuta, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wotsika, koma kungaipitse madzi apansi panthaka ndipo kungafune kuyang'aniridwa kwa nthawi yayitali.
Bedi la zomera lozungulira ndi lachilengedwe: loyenera dera lakum'mwera, koma lovuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusamalira.
Malo ang'onoang'ono oyeretsera zinyalala: pafupi ndi njira yoyeretsera zinyalala za m'mizinda. Ubwino wake ndi wakuti madzi otuluka m'madzi ndi abwino, ndipo vuto lake ndi lakuti sangakwanitse zosowa za zinyalala zaulimi zakumidzi.
Ngakhale kuti malo ena akulimbikitsa ukadaulo wokonza zinyalala zakumidzi "zopanda magetsi", ukadaulo wokonza zinyalala "zogwiritsa ntchito magetsi" ukadali waukulu. Pakadali pano, m'madera ambiri akumidzi, malo amaperekedwa kwa mabanja, ndipo pali malo ochepa aboma, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nthaka m'madera otukuka kwambiri ndi kochepa kwambiri. Malo ambiri okonzedwa bwino omwe alipo kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pokonza zinyalala. Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo wokonza zinyalala "wosinthasintha" uli ndi mwayi wabwino wogwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera omwe alibe kugwiritsa ntchito bwino malo, chuma chotukuka komanso zosowa zapamwamba za madzi. Ukadaulo wokonza zinyalala womwe umasunga mphamvu ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi wakhala njira yopititsira patsogolo ukadaulo wokonza zinyalala zapakhomo m'midzi ndi m'matauni.
2. Njira yophatikizana yaukadaulo woyeretsa zinyalala zakumidzi
Kuphatikiza kwa ukadaulo woyeretsa zinyalala zakumidzi mdziko langa makamaka kuli ndi njira zitatu izi:
Njira yoyamba ndi MBR kapena contact oxidation kapena activated sludge process. Chimbudzi choyamba chimalowa mu thanki ya septic, kenako chimalowa mu unit yochizira matenda, ndipo pamapeto pake chimatuluka m'madzi ozungulira kuti chigwiritsidwenso ntchito. Kugwiritsanso ntchito zinyalala zakumidzi ndikofala kwambiri.
Njira yachiwiri ndi malo onyowa opanda mpweya + opangidwa kapena dziwe lopanda mpweya + kapena nthaka yopanda mpweya, ndiko kuti, chipangizo chopanda mpweya chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pa thanki ya septic, ndipo pambuyo pa chithandizo cha chilengedwe, chimatulutsidwa m'chilengedwe kapena chimagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi.
Njira yachitatu ndi matope oyambitsidwa + malo onyowa opangidwa, matope oyambitsidwa + dziwe, kukhudzana ndi okosijeni + malo onyowa opangidwa, kapena kukhudzana ndi okosijeni + chithandizo cha nthaka, ndiko kuti, zipangizo zamagetsi ndi mpweya zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pa thanki ya septic, ndipo chipangizo chothandizira zachilengedwe chimawonjezedwa. Limbikitsani kuchotsa nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous.
Mu ntchito zothandiza, njira yoyamba imakhala ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri, kufika pa 61%.
Mwa njira zitatu zomwe zili pamwambapa, MBR ili ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pakuchiza ndipo ndi yoyenera madera ena omwe ali ndi madzi abwino kwambiri, koma mtengo wogwiritsira ntchito ndi wokwera. Mtengo wogwiritsira ntchito ndi mtengo womanga madambo omangidwa ndi ukadaulo wopanda mpweya ndi wotsika kwambiri, koma ngati utaganiziridwa mokwanira, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera njira yopumira kuti pakhale zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za madzi otuluka m'madzi.
Ukadaulo wokhudza kutsuka zinyalala m'malo osiyanasiyana ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kunja
1. United States
Ponena za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndi zofunikira zaukadaulo, njira yochepetsera zinyalala ku United States imagwira ntchito motsatira dongosolo lathunthu. Pakadali pano, njira yochepetsera zinyalala ku United States ili ndi ukadaulo wotsatirawu:
thanki ya septic. Matanki a septic ndi kukonza nthaka ndi ukadaulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kunja. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa ku Germany, pafupifupi 32% ya zinyalala zoyenera kukonzedwa pansi, zomwe 10-20% mwa izo sizili zoyenera. Chifukwa cha kulephera kumeneku chikhoza kukhala chakuti dongosololi limaipitsa madzi apansi panthaka, monga: kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali; kuchuluka kwa madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito; mavuto a kapangidwe ndi kukhazikitsa; mavuto oyang'anira ntchito, ndi zina zotero.
fyuluta ya mchenga. Kusefa mchenga ndi ukadaulo wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa zinyalala ku United States, womwe ungathandize kuchotsa zinyalala bwino.
Chithandizo cha aerobic. Chithandizo cha aerobic chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ambiri ku United States, ndipo muyeso wa chithandizo nthawi zambiri umakhala 1.5-5.7t/d, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya biological turntable kapena njira yothira madzi. M'zaka zaposachedwa, United States yakhala ikugwiritsanso ntchito kwambiri njira yogwiritsira ntchito nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous moyenera. Nayitrogeni yambiri ku United States imapezeka m'madzi otayira. Ndikofunikira kuchepetsa ndalama zokonzera pambuyo pake pogawanitsa msanga.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuchotsa michere, kulekanitsa magwero, ndi kuchotsa ndi kubwezeretsa N ndi P.
2. Japan
Ukadaulo wosamalira zinyalala ku Japan umadziwika bwino chifukwa cha njira yake yosamalira zinyalala pogwiritsa ntchito thanki la septic. Magwero a zinyalala zapakhomo ku Japan ndi osiyana pang'ono ndi omwe ali m'dziko langa. Amasonkhanitsidwa makamaka malinga ndi magulu a madzi ochapira zovala ndi madzi ochapira kukhitchini.
Matanki a Septic ku Japan amaikidwa m'malo omwe si oyenera kusonkhanitsa maukonde a mapaipi komanso komwe kuchuluka kwa anthu kuli kochepa. Matanki a Septic amapangidwira anthu osiyanasiyana komanso magawo osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale matanki a septic omwe alipo pano akusinthidwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo, akadali olamulidwa ndi masinki. Pambuyo pa AO reactor, anaerobic, deoxidizing, aerobic, sedimentation, disinfection ndi njira zina, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti A septic tank ikugwira ntchito bwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino matanki a septic ku Japan sikuti ndi nkhani yaukadaulo chabe, koma ndi njira yoyendetsera bwino pansi pa malamulo onse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mlandu wopambana. Pakadali pano, pali milandu yogwiritsira ntchito matanki a septic mdziko lathu, ndipo ziyenera kunenedwa kuti palinso misika ku Southeast Asia. Mayiko monga Southeast Asia, Indonesia, ndi Philippines nawonso akukhudzidwa ndi mfundo za Japan zoyendetsera ntchito za zimbudzi. Malaysia ndi Indonesia apanga ukadaulo wawo wapakhomo ndi malangizo a matanki a septic, koma machitidwe awa ndi malangizowa sangakhale oyenera pakukula kwachuma kwawo.
3. Mgwirizano wa ku Ulaya
Ndipotu, pali mayiko ena otukuka pazachuma komanso ukadaulo mkati mwa EU, komanso madera ena omwe ali kumbuyo pazachuma komanso ukadaulo. Ponena za chitukuko cha zachuma, ali ofanana ndi momwe dziko la China lilili. Pambuyo pochita bwino pazachuma, EU ikugwiranso ntchito molimbika kuti ikonze njira zochizira zinyalala, ndipo mu 2005 idapereka muyezo wa EU wa EN12566-3 wochizira zinyalala zazing'ono. Muyezo uwu uyenera kunenedwa kuti ndi njira yosinthira miyeso kuti igwirizane ndi mikhalidwe yakomweko, mikhalidwe ya malo, ndi zina zotero, kuti asankhe ukadaulo wosiyanasiyana wochizira, makamaka kuphatikiza matanki otayira zinyalala ndi kuchiza nthaka. Pakati pa miyezo ina, malo okwanira, malo ang'onoang'ono ochizira zinyalala ndi machitidwe ochizira zinyalala akuphatikizidwanso.
4. India
Pambuyo pofotokoza mwachidule milandu ya mayiko angapo otukuka, ndiloleni ndikufotokozereni momwe zinthu zilili m'maiko osatukuka ku Southeast Asia omwe ali pafupi ndi madera osauka a dziko langa. Zimbudzi zapakhomo ku India zimachokera makamaka ku madzi otayirira akukhitchini. Ponena za kukonza zimbudzi, ukadaulo wa matanki otayira zinyalala ndi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Southeast Asia pakadali pano. Koma vuto lalikulu ndi lofanana ndi la dziko lathu, ndiko kuti, mitundu yonse ya kuipitsa madzi ndi yodziwikiratu. Mothandizidwa ndi Boma la India, zochita ndi mapulogalamu okulitsa matanki otayira zinyalala akuchitika, ndipo malangizo a chithandizo cha matanki otayira zinyalala ndi ukadaulo wa okosijeni wokhudzana ndi madzi akumwa akuchitika.
5. Indonesia
Indonesia ili m'madera otentha. Ngakhale kuti chitukuko cha zachuma chakumidzi chili pang'ono, zimbudzi za anthu okhala m'deralo zimatayidwa m'mitsinje. Chifukwa chake, thanzi la anthu akumidzi ku Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam ndi mayiko ena silili bwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito matanki obisala ku Indonesia kuli ndi 50%, ndipo apanganso mfundo zoyenera zolimbikitsira kugwiritsa ntchito matanki obisala ku Indonesia.
Chidziwitso chapamwamba chakunja
Mwachidule, mayiko otukuka ali ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba chomwe dziko langa lingaphunzirepo: njira yokhazikitsira miyezo m'maiko otukuka ndi yokwanira komanso yokhazikika, ndipo pali njira yoyendetsera bwino ntchito, kuphatikizapo maphunziro aukadaulo ndi maphunziro a nzika, pomwe mfundo zosamalira zinyalala m'maiko otukuka ndizomveka bwino.
Makamaka, phatikizani izi: (1) Kufotokoza udindo wa kuyeretsa zinyalala, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, boma limathandizira kuyeretsa zinyalala kudzera mu ndalama ndi mfundo; kupanga miyezo yofanana kuti ilamulire ndikutsogolera kuyeretsa zinyalala m'malo otetezedwa; (2) kukhazikitsa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino, koyenera, komanso kogwira mtima komanso kasamalidwe ka mafakitale kuti zitsimikizire kuti chitukuko ndi ntchito yayitali ya kuyeretsa zinyalala m'malo otetezedwa ikuchitika; (3) Kukonza kukula, kuyanjana, komanso kudziwika bwino pa ntchito yomanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malo oyeretsa zinyalala m'malo otetezedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti phindu, kuchepetsa ndalama, ndikuwongolera kuyang'anira; (4) Kusankha mwapadera (5) kufalitsa ndi kuphunzitsa komanso mapulojekiti otenga nawo mbali nzika, ndi zina zotero.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yogwiritsira ntchito, zomwe zachitika bwino komanso zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha kulephera kwa ntchito zafotokozedwa mwachidule kuti pakhale chitukuko chokhazikika cha ukadaulo wosamalira zinyalala m'dziko langa.
Cr.antop
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-13-2023