Anthu ambiri a m’dziko langa amakhala m’matauni ang’onoang’ono ndi akumidzi, ndipo kuipitsidwa kwa zimbudzi zakumidzi m’madzi kwachititsa chidwi kwambiri.Kupatula kutsika kwa chimbudzi cham'madera akumadzulo, chiwopsezo cha zonyansa m'madera akumidzi m'dziko langa chawonjezeka.Komabe, dziko langa lili ndi gawo lalikulu, ndipo mikhalidwe ya chilengedwe, zizoloŵezi za moyo ndi mikhalidwe yachuma ya matauni ndi midzi m’madera osiyanasiyana zimasiyana kwambiri.Kodi kuchita ntchito yabwino mu decentralized zimbudzi mankhwala malinga ndi zinthu m'deralo, zinachitikira mayiko otukuka ndi ofunika kuphunzira.
umisiri waumisiri waupandu wadziko langa
M'dziko langa muli mitundu yotsatirayi yaumisiri wochotsa zimbudzi zakumidzi (onani Chithunzi 1): ukadaulo wa biofilm, umisiri waumisiri wamatope, umisiri wamankhwala okhudzana ndi zachilengedwe, ukadaulo wosamalira nthaka, komanso ukadaulo wophatikizira wachilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe.Digiri yofunsira, ndikukhala ndi milandu yopambana yoyendetsera ntchito.Potengera kuchuluka kwa madzi oyeretsera, mphamvu yamadzimadzi nthawi zambiri imakhala pansi pa matani 500.
1. Ubwino ndi kuipa kwaukadaulo wochotsa zimbudzi zakumidzi
Pochiza zimbudzi zakumidzi, ukadaulo uliwonse wanjira ukuwonetsa zabwino ndi zovuta zotsatirazi:
Njira yoyendetsera matope: kuwongolera kosinthika ndi kuwongolera zokha, koma mtengo wapakati panyumba ndi wokwera, ndipo antchito apadera amafunikira kuti agwire ntchito ndi kukonza.
Ukadaulo wopangidwa m'dambo: mtengo wotsika womanga, koma kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono kochotsa ndikugwira ntchito movutikira ndi kasamalidwe.
Kusamalira nthaka: kumanga, kugwira ntchito ndi kukonza ndi zophweka, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wochepa, koma ukhoza kuipitsa madzi apansi ndipo umafuna kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali ndi kusamalira.
Biological turntable + bedi la zomera: loyenera kumwera, koma lovuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndikusamalira.
Malo ang'onoang'ono ochizira zimbudzi: pafupi ndi njira yoperekera zimbudzi zam'nyumba zam'tawuni.Ubwino wake ndi woti madzi otayira ali abwino, ndipo kuipa kwake ndikuti sangathe kukwaniritsa zosowa za zimbudzi zakumidzi zakumidzi.
Ngakhale kuti malo ena amalimbikitsa teknoloji "yopanda mphamvu" yochotsa zimbudzi za kumidzi, "zoyendetsa" zamakono zamakono zowonongeka zimakhalabe zambiri.Pakali pano, m’madera ambiri akumidzi, malo amaperekedwa kwa mabanja, ndipo malo a anthu ndi ochepa, ndipo chiŵerengero cha kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka malo m’madera otukuka mwachuma n’chochepa kwambiri.Malo apamwamba, ocheperapo omwe alipo kuti ayeretse zimbudzi.Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo wa "zamphamvu" wochotsa zimbudzi uli ndi chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito bwino m'malo osagwiritsa ntchito nthaka pang'ono, chuma chotukuka komanso zofunikira zamadzi.Ukadaulo wochotsa zimbudzi zomwe zimapulumutsa mphamvu ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito zidakhala njira yachitukuko chaukadaulo wochotsa zinyalala m'midzi ndi matauni.
2. Njira yophatikizira yaukadaulo wochotsa zimbudzi zakumidzi
Kusakaniza kwaukadaulo wochotsa zimbudzi zakumidzi kumidzi kumakhala ndi njira zitatu izi:
Njira yoyamba ndi MBR kapena kukhudzana ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni kapena kulowetsa sludge.Zimbudzi zimayamba kulowa mu tanki ya septic, kenako zimalowa mu biological treatment unit, kenako zimatuluka m'madzi ozungulira kuti zigwiritsidwenso ntchito.Kugwiritsanso ntchito zimbudzi zakumidzi ndizofala.
The mode yachiwiri ndi anaerobic + yokumba madambo kapena anaerobic + dziwe kapena anaerobic + nthaka, ndiko kuti, anaerobic unit ntchito pambuyo thanki septic, ndipo pambuyo mankhwala zachilengedwe, izo kumasulidwa mu chilengedwe kapena kulowa ntchito ulimi.
Njira yachitatu imayatsidwa matope + madambo opangira, matope oyambitsa + dziwe, kukhudzana ndi oxidation + madambo opangira, kapena kukhudzana ndi oxidation + nthaka, ndiko kuti, zida za aerobic ndi aeration zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pa thanki ya septic, ndipo gawo lothandizira zachilengedwe limawonjezeredwa. kuchotsedwa kwa nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous.
Muzogwiritsira ntchito, njira yoyamba imakhala yaikulu kwambiri, kufika 61%).
Mwa mitundu itatu yomwe ili pamwambapa, MBR ili ndi chithandizo chabwinoko ndipo ndi yoyenera kumadera ena omwe ali ndi zofunikira zamadzi, koma mtengo wake ndi wokwera kwambiri.Mtengo wogwirira ntchito ndi mtengo womanga wa madambo omangidwa ndiukadaulo wa anaerobic ndizotsika kwambiri, koma ngati ziganiziridwa mozama, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera njira yolowera mpweya kuti mukwaniritse bwino kwambiri kutayira kwamadzi.
Decentralized zimbudzi mankhwala luso ntchito kunja
1. United States
Pankhani ya kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.Pakadali pano, njira yochotsera zinyalala ku United States makamaka ili ndi ukadaulo wotsatirawu:
thanki ya septic.Matanki a Septic ndi chithandizo cha nthaka ndi matekinoloje omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kunja.Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa ku Germany, pafupifupi 32% ya zimbudzi ndizoyenera kuchiritsa nthaka, zomwe 10-20% ndizosayenera.Chifukwa cha kulephera kungakhale kuti dongosololi limawononga madzi apansi, monga: nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mopitirira muyeso;kuchuluka kwa hydraulic katundu;zovuta kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa;mavuto oyang'anira ntchito, etc.
mchenga fyuluta.Kusefedwa kwa mchenga ndiukadaulo wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku United States, womwe ungathe kukwaniritsa bwino kuchotsa.
Chithandizo cha Aerobic.Chithandizo cha Aerobic chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ambiri ku United States, ndipo sikelo yamankhwala nthawi zambiri imakhala 1.5-5.7t/d, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya biological turntable kapena njira ya sludge.M'zaka zaposachedwa, United States yawonanso kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous.Nayitrogeni wambiri ku United States amapezeka m’madzi oipa.Ndikofunikira kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito zotsatila mwa kulekana koyambirira.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuchotsa michere, kulekanitsa magwero, ndi kuchotsa ndi kuchira kwa N ndi P.
2. Japan
Ukadaulo waku Japan wochotsa zinyalala ndi wodziwika bwino chifukwa cha njira yake yopangira ma tank a septic.Magwero a zimbudzi za m’nyumba ku Japan n’zosiyana pang’ono ndi za m’dziko langa.Amasonkhanitsidwa makamaka molingana ndi gulu lamadzi ochapira zovala ndi madzi onyansa akukhitchini.
Matanki a Septic ku Japan amayikidwa m'malo omwe si oyenera kusonkhanitsa mapaipi amtundu wa mapaipi komanso komwe kuchuluka kwa anthu kumakhala kochepa.Matanki a Septic adapangidwira anthu osiyanasiyana komanso magawo osiyanasiyana.Ngakhale kuti matanki a septic amakono akusinthidwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo, akadali olamulidwa ndi masinki.Pambuyo pa AO riyakitala, anaerobic, deoxidizing, aerobic, sedimentation, disinfection ndi njira zina, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti thanki ya septic imagwira ntchito bwino.Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa akasinja a septic ku Japan si nkhani yaukadaulo chabe, koma kasamalidwe kokwanira motsatira malamulo onse, kupanga mlandu wopambana.Pakalipano, pali milandu yogwiritsira ntchito akasinja a septic m'dziko lathu, ndipo ziyenera kunenedwa kuti palinso misika ku Southeast Asia.Maiko monga Southeast Asia, Indonesia, ndi Philippines nawonso akukhudzidwa ndi mfundo za ku Japan zochotsa zinyalala.Dziko la Malaysia ndi Indonesia apanga zawozawo zaukadaulo ndi malangizo a akasinja a septic, koma m'machitidwe awa ndi malangizowo sangakhale oyenera pakukula kwawo kwachuma.
3. European Union
M'malo mwake, pali maiko ena otukuka pazachuma ndi ukadaulo mkati mwa EU, komanso madera obwerera m'mbuyo pazachuma ndi ukadaulo.Pankhani ya chitukuko cha zachuma, iwo ndi ofanana ndi zochitika za dziko la China.Pambuyo pochita bwino pazachuma, EU ikugwiranso ntchito molimbika kuti ipititse patsogolo njira zachimbudzi, ndipo mu 2005 idadutsa muyeso wa EU EN12566-3 wochotsa zinyalala zazing'ono.Muyezowu uyenera kunenedwa kuti ndi njira yosinthira momwe zinthu ziliri mdera lanu, malo, ndi zina zambiri, kusankha ukadaulo wosiyanasiyana wamankhwala, makamaka kuphatikiza matanki a septic ndi chithandizo cha nthaka.Pakati pamiyezo ina, malo odzaza, malo opangira zimbudzi zazing'ono ndi machitidwe opangiratu amaphatikizidwanso.
4. India
Nditafotokoza mwachidule za maiko otukuka angapo, ndiloleni ndifotokoze mkhalidwe wa maiko otukuka kumene a kum’mwera chakum’maŵa kwa Asia amene ali pafupi kwambiri ndi madera osauka mwachuma a dziko langa.Zonyansa zapakhomo ku India makamaka zimachokera kumadzi onyansa akukhitchini.Pankhani yochotsa zimbudzi, ukadaulo wa tank septic ndi womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Southeast Asia.Koma vuto lalikulu ndi lofanana ndi la dziko lathu, ndiko kuti, mitundu yonse ya kuipitsidwa kwa madzi ndi yoonekeratu.Mothandizidwa ndi Boma la India, zochita ndi mapologalamu okweza bwino matanki a septic ali mkati, ndi mfundo za chithandizo cha tank septic komanso ukadaulo wolumikizana ndi oxidation.
5. Indonesia
Indonesia ili kumadera otentha.Ngakhale kuti chitukuko cha zachuma cha kumidzi chikubwerera m'mbuyo, zimbudzi zapakhomo za anthu am'deralo zimatayidwa m'mitsinje.Chifukwa chake, thanzi lakumidzi ku Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam ndi mayiko ena sakhala ndi chiyembekezo.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa matanki a septic ku Indonesia kumakhala 50%, ndipo apanganso ndondomeko zoyenera kulimbikitsa machitidwe ndi miyezo yogwiritsira ntchito matanki a septic ku Indonesia.
Zapamwamba zakunja
Kufotokozera mwachidule, mayiko otukuka ali ndi zochitika zambiri zapamwamba zomwe dziko langa lingaphunzirepo: dongosolo lokhazikika m'mayiko otukuka ndi lokwanira komanso lokhazikika, ndipo pali njira yoyendetsera ntchito yogwira ntchito, kuphatikizapo maphunziro apamwamba ndi maphunziro a anthu., pamene mfundo zoyendetsera zimbudzi m’mayiko otukuka n’zomveka bwino.
Makamaka monga: (1) Fotokozani udindo wa kuchimbudzi, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, boma amathandiza decentralized chithandizo cha zimbudzi kudzera ndalama ndi ndondomeko;kupanga miyezo yofananira yowongolera ndikuwongolera njira zochotsera zinyalala;(2) kukhazikitsa chilungamo, standardized, ndi imayenera kasamalidwe kasamalidwe ndi makampani kasamalidwe dongosolo kuonetsetsa chitukuko ndi ntchito yaitali ntchito decentralized zimbudzi mankhwala;(3) Kupititsa patsogolo kukula, kuyanjana, ndi kukhazikika kwa ntchito yomanga ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zimbudzi zoyendetsedwa bwino kuti zitsimikizire phindu, kuchepetsa ndalama, ndi kuyang'anira;(4) Specialization (5) kulengeza ndi maphunziro ndi ntchito nzika nawo, etc.
M'kati mwa ntchito zothandiza, zinachitikira bwino ndi maphunziro a kulephera anafupikitsidwa kuzindikira chitukuko zisathe wa dziko langa decentralized zimbudzi mankhwala luso.
Cr.antop
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-13-2023