M'machitidwe ochiritsira ochiritsira madzi, ma flocculants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mchere wa aluminiyamu ndi mchere wachitsulo, mchere wa aluminiyumu wotsalira m'madzi osakaniza udzaika pangozi thanzi laumunthu, ndipo mchere wotsalira udzakhudza mtundu wa madzi, etc.; mu ambiri Poyeretsa madzi oipa, ndizovuta kuthana ndi mavuto achiwiri oyipitsa monga kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndi kutaya zinyalala zovuta. Choncho, kufunafuna mankhwala achilengedwe omwe samayambitsa kuwonongeka kwachiwiri kwa chilengedwe kuti alowe m'malo mwa aluminiyumu mchere wamchere ndi mchere wachitsulo ndizofunikira kukhazikitsa njira zachitukuko zokhazikika lero. Ma flocculants achilengedwe a ma polima akopa chidwi kwambiri pakati pa ma flocculants ambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo kwazinthu zopangira, mtengo wotsika, kusankha bwino, mlingo wocheperako, chitetezo komanso kusakhala ndi poizoni, komanso kuwonongeka kwathunthu. Pambuyo pakukula kwazaka makumi ambiri, zida zambiri zachilengedwe zokhala ndi ma polima okhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso ntchito zidatulukira, zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakali pano wowuma, lignin, chitosan ndi guluu wamasamba.
ChitosanKatundu
Chitosan ndi white amorphous, translucent flaky solid, osasungunuka m'madzi koma amasungunuka mu asidi, chomwe ndi deacetylation product of chitin. Nthawi zambiri, chitosan amatha kutchedwa chitosan pamene gulu la N-acetyl mu chitin lichotsedwa ndi oposa 55%. Chitin ndiye gawo lalikulu la ma exoskeletons a nyama ndi tizilombo, ndipo ndi gawo lachiwiri lalikulu lachilengedwe padziko lapansi pambuyo pa cellulose. Monga flocculant, chitosan ndi zachilengedwe, zopanda poizoni komanso zowonongeka. Pali magulu ambiri a hydroxyl, magulu a amino ndi magulu ena a N-acetylamino omwe amagawidwa pa unyolo wa macromolecular wa chitosan, omwe amatha kupanga cationic polyelectrolytes yokhala ndi kachulukidwe kake muzochita za acidic, komanso amatha kupanga mapangidwe amtundu wa maukonde pogwiritsa ntchito zomangira za haidrojeni kapena ionic. zomangira. Mamolekyu a khola, potero amasokoneza ndikuchotsa ayoni ambiri oopsa komanso owopsa azitsulo zolemera. Chitosan ndi zotumphukira zake zili ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, osati pazovala, kusindikiza ndi utoto, kupanga mapepala, mankhwala, chakudya, mafakitale amankhwala, biology ndi ulimi ndi magawo ena ambiri ali ndi zinthu zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito, komanso pakuyeretsa madzi, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. monga adsorbent, flocculation agents, fungicides, ion exchangers, nembanemba kukonzekera, etc. Chitosan wavomerezedwa ndi US Environmental Protection Agency ngati wothandizira kuyeretsa madzi akumwa chifukwa cha ubwino wake wapadera pakugwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi kukonza madzi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaChitosanmu Water Treatment
(1) Chotsani zolimba zomwe zaimitsidwa m'madzi. M'madzi achilengedwe, imakhala ndi dongosolo loyipa la colloid chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mabakiteriya adongo, etc. Monga unyolo wautali wa cationic polima, chitosan imatha kuchita ntchito ziwiri zamagetsi osakanikirana ndi magetsi komanso kuphatikizika ndi ma adsorption ndi bridging, ndipo imakhala ndi coagulation yamphamvu. zotsatira pa inaimitsidwa zinthu. Poyerekeza ndi chikhalidwe cha alum ndi polyacrylamide monga flocculants, chitosan ali bwino kumveketsa bwino. RAVID ndi al. anaphunzira zotsatira za flocculation mankhwala kugawa limodzi kaolin madzi pamene chitosan pH mtengo anali 5-9, ndipo anapeza kuti flocculation anakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi pH mtengo, ndi ogwira pH mtengo wa turbidity kuchotsa anali 7.0-7.5. 1mg / L flocculant, kuchuluka kwa turbidity kuchotsa kupitirira 90%, ndipo flocs opangidwa ndi coarse ndi mofulumira, ndipo okwana flocculation sedimentation nthawi si upambana 1h; koma pamene pH mtengo umachepetsa kapena ukuwonjezeka, ndi flocculation dzuwa amachepetsa, kusonyeza kuti kokha Mu yopapatiza pH osiyanasiyana, chitosan akhoza kupanga polymerization wabwino ndi kaolin particles. Kafukufuku wina wapeza kuti kuyimitsidwa kwa flocculated bentonite kumathandizidwa ndi chitosan, mtundu wa pH wamtengo wapatali ndi waukulu. Choncho, pamene turbid madzi lili particles ofanana kaolin, m`pofunika kuwonjezera yoyenera kuchuluka kwa bentonite monga coagulant kusintha polymerization wa.chitosanpa particles. Pambuyo pake, RAVID et al. anapeza kuti
Ngati pali humus mu kaolin kapena titaniyamu dioxide kuyimitsidwa, n'zosavuta flocculate ndi precipitate ndi chitosan, chifukwa zoipa mlandu humus Ufumuyo pamwamba pa particles, ndi humus zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kusintha pH mtengo. Chitosan adawonetsabe kutsetsereka kwapamwamba kwa matupi amadzi achilengedwe okhala ndi turbidity yosiyana komanso alkalinity.
(2) Chotsani ndere ndi mabakiteriya m'madzi. M'zaka zaposachedwa, anthu ena akunja ayamba kuphunzira za adsorption ndi flocculation ya chitosan pa biological colloid system monga algae ndi mabakiteriya. Chitosan imachotsa algae yamadzi amchere, omwe ndi Spirulina, Oscillator algae, Chlorella ndi algae wobiriwira wabuluu. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kwa algae wamadzi abwino, kuchotsa kumakhala bwino pa pH ya 7; kwa algae zam'madzi, pH ndiyotsika. Mlingo woyenera wa chitosan umadalira kuchuluka kwa algae m'madzi. Kuchuluka kwa ndere, m'pamenenso mlingo wa chitosan umafunika kuwonjezeredwa, ndipo kuwonjezereka kwa mlingo wa chitosan kumayambitsa kuyandama ndi kugwa kwamvula. Mofulumirirako. Kuthamanga kumatha kuyeza kuchotsedwa kwa algae. Pamene pH mtengo ndi 7, 5mg/Lchitosanimatha kuchotsa 90% ya turbidity m'madzi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa algae kumakhala kokulirapo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta floc ndikuchita bwino kwa sedimentation.
Kufufuza kwapang'onopang'ono kunawonetsa kuti algae omwe adachotsedwa ndi flocculation ndi sedimentation amangophatikizidwa ndikumatira palimodzi, ndipo akadali mumkhalidwe wokhazikika komanso wokangalika. Popeza chitosan sichimayambitsa zovuta zilizonse pazamoyo zomwe zili m'madzi, madzi oyeretsedwa amatha kugwiritsidwabe ntchito ngati madzi am'madzi am'madzi, mosiyana ndi ma flocculants ena opangira madzi. Njira yochotsera chitosan pa mabakiteriya ndi yovuta. Pophunzira kusuntha kwa Escherichia coli ndi chitosan, zikuwoneka kuti njira yolumikizira yopanda malire ndiyo njira yayikulu ya flocculation system, ndipo chitosan imapanga zomangira za haidrojeni pazinyalala zama cell. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti mphamvu ya chitosan flocculation ya E. coli imadalira osati pa chargeability wa dielectric komanso mawonekedwe ake a hydraulic.
(3) Chotsani aluminiyamu yotsalira ndikuyeretsa madzi akumwa. Aluminiyamu mchere ndi polyaluminiyamu flocculants chimagwiritsidwa ntchito njira mankhwala madzi apampopi, koma ntchito zotayidwa mchere flocculants kungachititse kuti kuchuluka zotayidwa zili mu madzi akumwa. Aluminiyamu yotsalira m'madzi akumwa ndi chowopsa kwambiri ku thanzi la munthu. Ngakhale kuti chitosan imakhalanso ndi vuto la zotsalira za madzi, chifukwa ndi aminopolysaccharide yachilengedwe yopanda poizoni, zotsalirazo sizingawononge thupi la munthu, ndipo zimatha kuchotsedwa muzotsatira za mankhwala. Komanso, kuphatikiza ntchito chitosan ndi inorganic flocculants monga polyaluminium kolorayidi akhoza kuchepetsa zili zotsalira zotayidwa. Chifukwa chake, pochiza madzi akumwa, chitosan ali ndi maubwino omwe ma organic polymer flocculants ena opangidwa sangalowe m'malo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito Chitosan mu Madzi a Waste
(1) Chotsani ayoni achitsulo. The molecular unyolo wachitosanndi zotumphukira zake zili ndi magulu ambiri a amino ndi magulu a hydroxyl, kotero zimakhala ndi chelating pa ayoni ambiri azitsulo, ndipo zimatha kutsatsa kapena kutengera ayoni azitsulo zolemera mu yankho. Catherine A. Eiden ndi maphunziro ena asonyeza kuti mphamvu ya adsorption ya chitosan ku Pb2 + ndi Cr3 + (mu unit ya chitosan) imafika pa 0.2 mmol / g ndi 0.25 mmol / g, motero, ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu yotsatsa kwambiri. Zhang Ting'an et al. ntchito deacetylated chitosan kuchotsa mkuwa ndi flocculation. Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti pamene pH mtengo unali 8.0 ndipo kuchuluka kwa ayoni zamkuwa m'madzi kunali kochepa kuposa 100 mg / L, kuchotsa mkuwa kunali pamwamba pa 99%; Kuchuluka kwake ndi 400mg/L, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ayoni amkuwa mumadzi otsalira kumakumanabe ndi muyezo wapadziko lonse wotulutsa madzi oyipa. Kuyesera kwina kunatsimikizira kuti pH = 5.0 ndi nthawi yotsatsa inali 2h, kuchuluka kwa chitosan kupita ku Ni2+ mu adsorption chemical nickel plating zinyalala zamadzi zimatha kufika 72.25%.
(2) Sambani madzi oipa okhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri monga madzi otayira m’zakudya. Panthawi yokonza chakudya, madzi otayira okhala ndi zinthu zambiri zolimba zoyimitsidwa amatulutsidwa. Molekyu ya chitosan imakhala ndi gulu la amide, gulu la amino ndi gulu la hydroxyl. Ndi protonation wa amino gulu, zimasonyeza udindo wa cationic polyelectrolyte, amene osati ndi chelating zotsatira pa heavy zitsulo, komanso akhoza mogwira flocculate ndi adsorb zoipa mlandu particles zabwino m'madzi. Chitin ndi chitosan amatha kupanga zovuta ndi hydrogen kugwirizana ndi mapuloteni, amino zidulo, mafuta zidulo, etc. Fang Zhimin et al. ntchitochitosan, aluminiyamu sulphate, ferric sulfate ndi polypropylene phthalamide monga flocculants kuti apezenso mapuloteni kuchokera m'madzi owonongeka a nsomba. Kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni obwezeretsa komanso kutulutsa kwamadzi kwamadzi kumatha kupezeka. Chifukwa chitosan pachokha sichikhala ndi poizoni ndipo ilibe kuipitsa kwachiwiri, chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzanso zinthu zothandiza monga mapuloteni ndi wowuma m'madzi otayidwa kuchokera m'mafakitale opangira chakudya kuti akonze ndikugwiritsanso ntchito, monga kuwonjezera ku chakudya monga chakudya cha ziweto.
(3) Chithandizo cha kusindikiza ndi kudaya madzi oipa. Kusindikiza ndi kudaya madzi oipa kumatanthawuza madzi oipa omwe amatulutsidwa mu thonje, ubweya, mankhwala ndi nsalu zina pokonzekera, kuchapa, kusindikiza ndi kumaliza. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mchere, organic surfactants ndi utoto, etc., ndi zigawo zovuta, lalikulu chroma ndi mkulu COD. , ndikukula motsatira njira ya anti-oxidation ndi anti-biodegradation, yomwe imawononga kwambiri thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe. Chitosan ili ndi magulu a amino ndi magulu a hydroxyl, ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu yochepetsera utoto, kuphatikizapo: kutsekemera kwa thupi, kutsekemera kwa mankhwala ndi ion exchange adsorption, makamaka kudzera mu hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, van der Waals force, hydrophobic interaction, etc. zotsatira. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mawonekedwe a chitosan a molekyulu ali ndi magulu ambiri a amino oyambirira, omwe amapanga polima chelating wothandizira kwambiri kudzera m'magulu ogwirizanitsa, omwe amatha kuphatikizira utoto m'madzi onyansa, ndipo alibe poizoni ndipo samatulutsa kuipitsa kwachiwiri.
(4) Kugwiritsa ntchito pochotsa matope. Pakali pano, ambiri m'mizinda zimbudzi mankhwala zomera ntchito cationic Polyacrylamide kuchiza sludge. Zochita zasonyeza kuti wothandizira ali ndi zotsatira zabwino za flocculation ndipo ndizosavuta kukhetsa madzi sludge, koma zotsalira zake, makamaka acrylamide monomer, ndi carcinogen yamphamvu. Choncho, ndi ntchito yatanthauzo kwambiri kufunafuna m'malo mwake. Chitosan ndi wabwino sludge conditioner, amene amathandiza kuti adamulowetsa sludge mabakiteriya micelles, amene angathe agglomerate zoipa inaimitsidwa nkhani ndi organic mu njira yothetsera, ndi bwino mankhwala dzuwa adamulowetsa sludge ndondomeko. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti polyaluminium kolorayidi / chitosan gulu flocculant osati zotsatira zoonekeratu mu sludge conditioning, komanso poyerekeza ndi ntchito limodzi PAC kapena chitosan, sludge enieni kukana choyamba kufika otsika, ndipo mlingo kusefera ndi apamwamba. Ndiwofulumira komanso wowongolera bwino; Komanso, mitundu itatu ya carboxymethyl chitosan (N-carboxymethyl chitosan, N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan ndi O-carboxymethyl chitosan) amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga The flocculant anayesedwa pa ntchito dewatering wa sludge, ndipo anapeza kuti flocs anapanga anali. zamphamvu komanso zosavuta kuthyoka, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti zotsatira za flocculant pakuchotsa madzi amatope zinali zabwino kwambiri kuposa za wamba flocculants.
Chitosanndi zotumphukira zake zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri, zachilengedwe, zopanda poizoni, zowonongeka, ndipo zimakhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana panthawi imodzi. Iwo ndi wobiriwira wothandizira madzi. Chomera chake, chitin, ndi chachiwiri pakukula kwachilengedwe padziko lapansi. Chifukwa chake, m'zaka zaposachedwa, kukula kwa chitosan m'madzi opangira madzi kumakhala ndi kukula koonekeratu. Monga polima zachilengedwe zomwe zimasandutsa zinyalala kukhala chuma, chitosan chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo ambiri, koma magwiridwe antchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapakhomo akadali ndi kusiyana kwina poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena otsogola. Ndikukula kwa kafukufuku wa chitosan ndi zotuluka zake, makamaka chitosan chosinthidwa chokhala ndi kaphatikizidwe kabwino kwambiri, imakhala ndi phindu lochulukirapo. Kuwona ukadaulo wogwiritsira ntchito chitosan poyeretsa madzi ndikupanga zinthu zotengera chilengedwe zomwe zimachokera ku chitosan zokhala ndi mitundu yambiri yogwiritsira ntchito kudzakhala ndi mtengo wamsika wotakata komanso chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito.
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Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-09-2022