Chithandizo cha Madzi Otayidwa a Chitosan

Mu njira zamakono zochizira madzi, zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri monga mchere wa aluminiyamu ndi mchere wachitsulo, mchere wa aluminiyamu womwe umatsala m'madzi ochizira umaika thanzi la anthu pachiwopsezo, ndipo mchere wotsala wachitsulo umakhudza mtundu wa madzi, ndi zina zotero; m'madzi ambiri otayidwa, n'zovuta kuthana ndi mavuto achiwiri monga kuchuluka kwa matope ndi kutaya matope movutikira. Chifukwa chake, kufunafuna chinthu chachilengedwe chomwe sichimayambitsa kuipitsa kwachiwiri ku chilengedwe kuti chilowe m'malo mwa zinthu zoyikira mchere wa aluminiyamu ndi mchere wachitsulo ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa njira zopititsira patsogolo chitukuko chokhazikika masiku ano. Zinthu zachilengedwe monga polymer flocculants zakopa chidwi chachikulu pakati pa zinthu zambiri zoyikira chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri zopangira, mtengo wotsika, kusankha bwino, mlingo wochepa, chitetezo ndi kusawononga, komanso kuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa zinthu. Pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za chitukuko, mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zachilengedwe monga polymer flocculants yokhala ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana ndi ntchito zawonekera, zomwe pakati pa izo pali starch, lignin, chitosan ndi guluu wa masamba.

ChitosanKatundu

Chitosan ndi cholimba choyera chosapanga dzimbiri, chopepuka, chosasungunuka m'madzi koma chosungunuka mu asidi, chomwe ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi chitin. Kawirikawiri, chitosan chingatchedwe chitosan pamene gulu la N-acetyl mu chitin lachotsedwa ndi zoposa 55%. Chitin ndiye gawo lalikulu la mafupa a nyama ndi tizilombo, ndipo ndi lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi pambuyo pa cellulose. Monga flocculant, chitosan ndi chachilengedwe, chosakhala ndi poizoni komanso chowonongeka. Pali magulu ambiri a hydroxyl, magulu a amino ndi magulu ena a N-acetylamino omwe amagawidwa pa unyolo wa macromolecular wa chitosan, omwe amatha kupanga ma polyelectrolyte a cationic okhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu mu mayankho a acidic, ndipo amathanso kupanga mapangidwe ofanana ndi netiweki pogwiritsa ntchito ma bond a hydrogen kapena ma bond a ionic. Ma molecule a cage, motero amasokoneza ndikuchotsa ma ayoni ambiri a heavy metal oopsa komanso owopsa. Chitosan ndi zinthu zochokera ku chitosan zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, osati pa nsalu zokha, kusindikiza ndi kupenta, kupanga mapepala, mankhwala, chakudya, makampani opanga mankhwala, zamoyo ndi ulimi ndipo madera ena ambiri ali ndi phindu lalikulu, komanso pochiza madzi, angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati adsorbent, flocculation agents, fungicides, ion exchangers, membrane preparations, ndi zina zotero. Chitosan yavomerezedwa ndi US Environmental Protection Agency ngati choyeretsera madzi akumwa chifukwa cha ubwino wake wapadera pakugwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi kuchiza madzi.

Kugwiritsa ntchitoChitosanmu Kuchiza Madzi

(1) Chotsani zinthu zolimba zomwe zimapachikidwa m'madzi. M'madzi achilengedwe, amakhala dongosolo la colloid lomwe limayendetsedwa ndi mpweya woipa chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mabakiteriya adothi, ndi zina zotero. Monga polima ya cationic ya unyolo wautali, chitosan imatha kugwira ntchito ziwiri monga kuletsa magetsi ndi kugawanika kwa madzi, kulowetsa madzi ndi kulumikiza, ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu yolimba yogawanika pa zinthu zomwe zimapachikidwa. Poyerekeza ndi alum ndi polyacrylamide yachikhalidwe ngati ma flocculants, chitosan ili ndi mphamvu yowunikira bwino. RAVID et al. adaphunzira za momwe flocculation imagwirira ntchito pogawa madzi a kaolin kamodzi pamene chitosan pH inali 5-9, ndipo adapeza kuti flocculation idakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi pH, ndipo pH yogwira ntchito yochotsa turbidity inali 7.0-7.5. 1mg/L flocculant, kuchuluka kwa turbidity kuchotsa kumapitirira 90%, ndipo ma floc omwe amapangidwa ndi olimba komanso othamanga, ndipo nthawi yonse ya flocculation sedimentation sipitirira ola limodzi; koma pamene pH yachepa kapena ikukwera, mphamvu ya flocculation imachepa, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mu pH yochepa kwambiri, chitosan imatha kupanga polymerization yabwino ndi tinthu ta kaolin. Kafukufuku wina wapeza kuti flocculated bentonite suspension ikachiritsidwa ndi chitosan, pH yoyenera imakhala yotakata. Chifukwa chake, pamene madzi oundana ali ndi tinthu tofanana ndi kaolin, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera kuchuluka koyenera kwa bentonite ngati coagulant kuti muwongolere polymerization yachitosanpa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Pambuyo pake, RAVID ndi anzake adapeza kuti

Ngati pali humus mu kaolin kapena titanium dioxide suspension, n'zosavuta kuigwedeza ndi kuigwetsa ndi chitosan, chifukwa humus yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yoipa imalumikizidwa pamwamba pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndipo humus imapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kusintha pH. Chitosan idawonetsabe mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zozungulira madzi achilengedwe okhala ndi matope ndi alkalinity yosiyana.

(2) Chotsani algae ndi mabakiteriya m'madzi. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, anthu ena akunja ayamba kuphunzira za kuyamwa ndi kuyandama kwa chitosan m'madzi monga algae ndi mabakiteriya. Chitosan imachotsa algae m'madzi amchere, monga Spirulina, Oscillator algae, Chlorella ndi algae wobiriwira. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pa algae m'madzi amchere, kuchotsa ndikwabwino kwambiri pa pH ya 7; pa algae zam'madzi, pH ndi yotsika. Mlingo woyenera wa chitosan umadalira kuchuluka kwa algae m'madzi. Algae ikachuluka, mlingo wambiri wa chitosan uyenera kuwonjezeredwa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mlingo wa chitosan kumayambitsa kuyandama ndi mvula mwachangu. Kuthamanga kumatha kuyeza kuchotsa algae. Pamene pH ili 7, 5mg/Lchitosanimatha kuchotsa 90% ya dothi m'madzi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa algae kukakhala kwakukulu, tinthu ta floc timakula kwambiri ndipo ntchito yabwino ya sedimentation imakula.

Kufufuza kwa microscopic kunawonetsa kuti algae omwe adachotsedwa ndi flocculation ndi sedimentation adangosonkhanitsidwa pamodzi, ndipo anali akadali mu mkhalidwe wabwino komanso wogwira ntchito. Popeza chitosan sichimayambitsa zotsatirapo zoyipa pa mitundu ya m'madzi, madzi okonzedwawo amatha kugwiritsidwabe ntchito polima nsomba zamadzi oyera, mosiyana ndi flocculants zina zopangidwa pochiza madzi. Njira yochotsera chitosan pa mabakiteriya ndi yovuta kwambiri. Pophunzira flocculation ya Escherichia coli ndi chitosan, zapezeka kuti njira yosalinganika yolumikizira ndiyo njira yayikulu ya flocculation system, ndipo chitosan imapanga ma hydrogen bonds pa zinyalala za maselo. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti kugwira ntchito bwino kwa flocculation ya chitosan ya E. coli sikudalira kokha mphamvu ya dielectric komanso kukula kwake kwa hydraulic.

(3) Chotsani aluminiyamu yotsala ndikuyeretsa madzi akumwa. Mchere wa aluminiyamu ndi ma flocculants a polyaluminum amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza madzi apampopi, koma kugwiritsa ntchito ma flocculants amchere wa aluminiyamu kungayambitse kuchuluka kwa aluminiyamu m'madzi akumwa. Aluminium yotsala m'madzi akumwa ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu pa thanzi la anthu. Ngakhale kuti chitosan ilinso ndi vuto la zotsalira zamadzi, chifukwa ndi aminopolysaccharide yachilengedwe yopanda poizoni, zotsalirazo sizingavulaze thupi la munthu, ndipo zitha kuchotsedwa pambuyo pake. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito pamodzi chitosan ndi ma flocculants osapangidwa monga polyaluminum chloride kungachepetse kuchuluka kwa aluminiyamu yotsala. Chifukwa chake, pokonza madzi akumwa, chitosan ili ndi zabwino zomwe ma flocculants ena a polymer opangidwa sangalowe m'malo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chitosan Pochiza Madzi Otayidwa

(1) Chotsani ma ayoni achitsulo. Unyolo wa mamolekyulu achitosanNdipo zotumphukira zake zili ndi magulu ambiri a amino ndi magulu a hydroxyl, kotero zimakhala ndi mphamvu yochera pa ma ayoni ambiri achitsulo, ndipo zimatha kuyamwa kapena kugwira ma ayoni achitsulo cholemera mu yankho. Catherine A. Eiden ndi maphunziro ena awonetsa kuti mphamvu yoyamwa ya chitosan kupita ku Pb2+ ndi Cr3+ (mu unit ya chitosan) imafika pa 0.2 mmol/g ndi 0.25 mmol/g, motsatana, ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yoyamwa kwambiri. Zhang Ting'an et al. adagwiritsa ntchito chitosan chopanda acetylated kuchotsa mkuwa powumitsa. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti pamene pH inali 8.0 ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma ayoni a mkuwa mu chitsanzo cha madzi kunali kotsika kuposa 100 mg/L, kuchuluka kwa mkuwa kunali kopitilira 99%; Kuchuluka kwa unyinji ndi 400mg/L, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma ayoni a mkuwa mumadzi otsala kumakwaniritsabe muyezo wadziko lonse wotulutsa madzi otayira. Kuyesera kwina kunatsimikizira kuti pamene pH = 5.0 ndi nthawi yothira madzi inali maola 2, kuchuluka kwa chitosan chochotsedwa kupita ku Ni2+ mu madzi otayira madzi a nickel plating kumatha kufika 72.25%.

(2) Thirani madzi otayira ndi mapuloteni ambiri monga madzi otayira chakudya. Pakukonza chakudya, madzi otayira okhala ndi zinthu zambiri zolimba zomwe zimayimitsidwa amatulutsidwa. Molekyulu ya chitosan ili ndi gulu la amide, gulu la amino ndi gulu la hydroxyl. Ndi protonation ya gulu la amino, imasonyeza ntchito ya cationic polyelectrolyte, yomwe sikuti imangokhudza zitsulo zolemera zokha, komanso imatha kuyandama bwino ndikuyamwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi mphamvu yoipa m'madzi. Chitin ndi chitosan zimatha kupanga zovuta mwa kugwirizana ndi hydrogen ndi mapuloteni, ma amino acid, ma fatty acids, ndi zina zotero. Fang Zhimin et al.chitosan, aluminium sulfate, ferric sulfate ndi polypropylene phthalamide ngati flocculants kuti atenge mapuloteni kuchokera ku madzi otayira omwe amakonzedwa m'nyanja. Kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni obwezerezedwanso komanso kutuluka kwa kuwala kwa zinyalala kungapezeke. Chifukwa chitosan yokha si poizoni ndipo ilibe kuipitsidwa kwina, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kubwezeretsanso zinthu zothandiza monga mapuloteni ndi wowuma m'madzi otayira ochokera ku mafakitale opangira chakudya kuti agwiritsidwenso ntchito, monga kuwonjezera ku chakudya cha ziweto ngati chakudya cha ziweto.

(3) Kuchiza madzi otayira osindikizidwa ndi kupakidwa utoto. Kupakidwa utoto ndi kupakidwa utoto kumatanthauza madzi otayira otulutsidwa kuchokera ku thonje, ubweya, ulusi wa mankhwala ndi zinthu zina za nsalu panthawi yokonza, kupakidwa utoto, kupakidwa utoto ndi kumaliza. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mchere, zinthu zopangidwa ndi organic surfactants ndi utoto, ndi zina zotero, zokhala ndi zinthu zovuta, chroma yayikulu ndi COD yapamwamba, ndipo imakula motsatira njira yotsutsana ndi okosijeni ndi anti-degradation, zomwe zimavulaza kwambiri thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe. Chitosan ili ndi magulu a amino ndi magulu a hydroxyl, ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu yotsatsira utoto, kuphatikizapo: kusakaniza thupi, kusakaniza mankhwala ndi kusakaniza kwa ion, makamaka kudzera mu hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, van der Waals force, hydrophobic interaction, ndi zina zotero. Nthawi yomweyo, kapangidwe ka mamolekyu a chitosan kali ndi magulu ambiri a amino oyambira, omwe amapanga polymer chelating agent wabwino kwambiri kudzera mu ma coordination bonds, omwe amatha kuphatikiza utoto m'madzi otayira, ndipo si poizoni ndipo sapanga kuipitsa kwachiwiri.

(4) Kugwiritsa ntchito pochotsa madzi m'matope. Pakadali pano, malo ambiri oyeretsera zinyalala m'mizinda amagwiritsa ntchito cationic polyacrylamide pochiza matope. Machitidwe awonetsa kuti mankhwalawa ali ndi mphamvu yabwino yochotsa madzi m'matope ndipo ndi osavuta kuchotsa madzi m'matope, koma zotsalira zake, makamaka acrylamide monomer, ndi khansa yamphamvu. Chifukwa chake, ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri kufunafuna njira ina. Chitosan ndi chowongolera matope chabwino, chomwe chimathandiza kupanga mabakiteriya a matope omwe amayambitsidwa, omwe amatha kusonkhanitsa zinthu zomwe zimayimitsidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimayikidwa mu yankho, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya chithandizo cha matope omwe amayambitsidwa. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti polyaluminum chloride/chitosan composite flocculant sikuti imangokhala ndi zotsatira zomveka pakukonza matope, komanso poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito PAC imodzi kapena chitosan, kukana kwa matope kumafika poyamba pamlingo wotsika, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kusefera kumakhala kwakukulu. Ndi yachangu ndipo ndi chowongolera bwino; Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu itatu ya carboxymethyl chitosan (N-carboxymethyl chitosan, N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan ndi O-carboxymethyl chitosan) imagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa flocculant idayesedwa pa momwe madzi amayeretsera, ndipo zidapezeka kuti ma floc omwe adapangidwa anali amphamvu komanso osavuta kuswa, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti zotsatira za flocculant pa madzi oyeretsera matope zinali zabwino kwambiri kuposa za ma flocculant wamba.

Chitosanndipo zinthu zochokera mkati mwake zili ndi zinthu zambiri, zachilengedwe, zopanda poizoni, zowola, ndipo zimakhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana nthawi imodzi. Ndi zinthu zobiriwira zochizira madzi. Zinthu zake zopangira, chitin, ndi chinthu chachiwiri chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chake, m'zaka zaposachedwa, chitukuko cha chitosan mu kuchiza madzi chili ndi kukula koonekeratu. Monga polima wachilengedwe womwe umasintha zinyalala kukhala chuma, chitosan yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba m'magawo ambiri, koma magwiridwe antchito ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu zapakhomo akadali ndi kusiyana pang'ono poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena otukuka. Ndi kuzama kwa kafukufuku pa chitosan ndi zinthu zochokera mkati mwake, makamaka chitosan yosinthidwa yokhala ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zopangira, ili ndi phindu lalikulu logwiritsidwa ntchito. Kufufuza ukadaulo wogwiritsira ntchito chitosan mu kuchiza madzi ndikupanga zinthu zoteteza chilengedwe za zinthu zochokera mkati mwa chitosan zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito kudzakhala ndi mtengo waukulu pamsika komanso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito.

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